Description
HMGB1 is a nuclear protein that is released passively by necrotic cells, retained by apoptotic cells, and secreted actively by inflammatory cells.
HMGB1 is essential for life: HMGB1 knockout mice die shortly after birth. The two different activities of HMGB1 as a chemoattractant of motile cells and as inducer of cytokines have been attributed to different biochemical forms. Fully reduced HMGB1 (the form with chemoattractant activity) is completely reduced; disulfide HMGB1 contains a disulfide bond between C23 and C45 (complete notation: HMGB1C23-C45C106h – Antoine J. et al (2014).Mol Med). Disulfide HMGB1 can induce cytokine and chemokine production in monocytes and other inflammatory cells (Venereau et al, 2012). Structurally, Disulfide HMGB1 has a disulfide bridge between cysteine residues 23 and 45 and a reduced cysteine residue 106. Disulfide HMGB1 is tested for the ability to stimulate cytokine production in human macrophages. This Disulfide HMGB1 is the natural protein, with no tags or additional amino acids.